The spillover effects of uncertainty and globalization on environmental quality in India: Evidence from combined cointegration test and augmented ARDL model

Environmental quality and climate change have become hot topics among academics in all scientific fields recent decades due to their impact on human health economic development. Hence, this paper investigates the key factors of carbon dioxide emissions India from 1970–2020 through Bayer-Hanck test Augmented ARDL framework an augmented STIRPAT model, introducing uncertainty globalization. We employ a set unit-root tests combination cointegration techniques (DOLS FMOLS), which permit us estimate long-run short-run relationships. Empirical findings confirmed that series is I(1) there existence relationship between our variables using three tests, meaning same behavior long run term. The revealed has inverse U shape Kuznets curve (EKC) positive association GDP per capita CO 2 until reaching threshold, after link becomes negative square emissions. Furthermore, demonstrated influence globalization long-term environmental degradation. Besides, energy consumption population density are positively associated with short run. advocate for policies promote more trade openness by entering new markets cooperating trading partners.